O estudo descreve o julgamento da translucência relativa de substantivos, verbos e modificadores em quatro Sistemas de Comunicação Alternativa e Suplementar (Bliss, PIC, PCS e ImagoAnaVox) por meio do emprego de um software (Sonda) que apresentava os símbolos e registrava a pontuação atribuída, o te..

O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a campanha "Pichação é Crime. Denuncie.", iniciativa da Associação Comercial do Paraná e da Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba que mobilizaram esforços na repressão da pichação. A campanha buscou associar a pichação ao vandalismo e o pichador a um ser desprezível que emporcalha a cidade, representado pelo personagem Zé Sujeira. É possível identificar na codificação da campanha a reprodução do discurso dominante que tem impacto apenas em parte da sociedade.

Portuguese introduction to volume 2, issue 2.

Es para nosotros un gusto presentar el tercer número de la revista Études Ricoeuriennes/Ricoeur Studies (ERRS) dedicado a la reflexión ética de Paul Ricœur. .

A modularidade massiva pode ser descrita como um programa de pesquisa, nos termos da filosofia da ciência de Lakatos. Cumpre, para tanto, identificar o núcleo, mostrar evidências de que ele é assumido como infalsificável e examinar estratégias de articulação e sofisticação do cinto de proteção. No presente trabalho, faço isso com o intuito de responder à pergunta lançada no título. Em atenção a três desenvolvimentos recentes, cujas predições encontraram corroboração empírica, sou levado a inferir que esse programa é, de fato, (...) empiricamente progressivo. (shrink)

Entendida em sentido amplo, como reconstrução autotranscendente, a aprendizagem requer, para potencializar a razão crítico-discursiva, uma dimensão intersubjetiva e uma relação assimétrica entre professor e estudante. No ciberespaço, âmbito linguístico específico que ocasiona processos de socialização e de individualização, o entendimento do que constitui aprendizagem válida passa, necessariamente, pelo diálogo entre educadores. A partir de interrogações de índole epistemológica, o artigo insere-se nesse diálogo. Depois de caracterizar a hipermídia como a linguagem do ciberespaço e identificar diferentes perfis de leitores de (...) hipermídia, duas afirmações são ensaiadas: (i) as tecnologias digitais possuem potencial para amplificar a aprendizagem; e (ii) as tecnologias digitais não minimizam a importância da mediação docente na forma escolar da aprendizagem. (shrink)

Echoing Socrates’ remarks to Phaedrus — namely, that it is by “perceiving and bringing together in one idea the scattered particulars, that one may make clear by definition the particular thing which he wishes to explain”, and that we shall divide things “where the natural joints are, and not trying to break any part, after the manner of a bad carver” —, one could say that in some ways each of the papers in this special issue aims at carving an (...) aspect of cognition, or language, or both, at its joints. This does not imply that this is a volume of Platonist variations. However, it calls our attention to the metaphysical framework of contemporary understandings of cognition and language. (shrink)

Can a lonely long-distance run instantiate a meditation? Based on personal experience with running, I develop an affirmative answer to this question. First, I distinguish contemplation from meditation, proposing that the former is a non-reflexive activity focused on the monitoring of one’s own body, and that the latter is a reflexive activity that includes a “self” in memories of episodes from the personal past as well as in episodic counterfactual thoughts and in episodic future thinking. Next, I suggest that meditation, (...) by its characteristics, promotes a distancing from the sensorimotor contingencies of the present and that such detachment is dependent on our linguistic abilities. Finally, I question whether these remarks shed light into the debate about the embodied status of language. (shrink)

Este trabalho tem como objetivo abordar os conceitos esclarecimento, educação e autonomia na concepção do filósofo Immanuel Kant. Para tanto, no primeiro momento, faz-se a leitura do Opúsculo Kantiano de 1783, Resposta à pergunta: que é esclarecimento?, com o propósito de analisar o conceito esclarecimento, a fim de compreender de que modo, em Kant, se dá a passagem do homem de seu estado de menoridade à maioridade. Num segundo momento, a partir da leitura da obra publicada em 1803, Sobre a (...) pedagogia, ainda que haja dúvidas se, de fato, essa obra tenha sido escrita por Kant ou, mais provavelmente, por seu aluno, Theodor Rink, busca-se evidenciar a tese kantiana de que a emancipação do homem não se dá sem a educação. E, por fim, num terceiro momento, à luz da análise feita dos dois conceitos-base deste trabalho, esclarecimento e educação, investiga-se a conexão entre ambos, na obra sobre filosofia moral kantiana de 1785, Fundamentação da metafísica dos costumes, tentando sustentar a tese de que esclarecimento e educação estão conectados com a autonomia moral, terceiro conceito-base desta investigação. A partir desses três momentos, salienta-se, por conseguinte, que a educação, segundo a proposta de Kant, possibilita ao homem desenvolver, aprimorar cada vez mais a capacidade e a coragem de sair do estado de menoridade e alcançar a maioridade, tornando-se, progressivamente, um sujeito esclarecido, autônomo e, consequentemente, moral. (shrink)

Although there is broad support in the current Brazilian legislation and many curricular documents published in the last three decades, we still face the challenge of the inclusive education in our classrooms. This is a qualitative research in which we investigate the perception of three school pedagogical coordinators about the inclusion of disabled children in regular classes of Elementary and High School of the schools that self-declared favorable to the Inclusive Education. The results suggest perceptions of Inclusive Education with specific (...) goal to comply with current legislation, which aims exclusively at the socialization of the disabled as a target of charity, without great teaching learning goals that allow equal access to school knowledge and continuity of study in the educational system. (shrink)

This article examined the personal profiles of the Heads of Government of countries in South/North America and how they communicated with their audiences on institutional measures to contain COVID-19. Analyses were carried out on data collected from Twitter from November-2019 to November-2020. This study includes: i)quantitative analysis, measuring categories and emphases in the communication of tweets, retweets, likes, and comments on matters relevant to the pandemic; ii)qualitative analysis that allowed evaluating speeches to identify political interference and the effectiveness of communication (...) at critical moments of the pandemic. It was possible to infer that each president has his singularities and understanding about Social Media’s use as a more direct communication tool with his audience. It was also found that successful communication is not directly proportional to the volume of messages on Twitter, but to socio-political aspects and institutional leadership that can make a difference in Social Media in combating COVID-19. (shrink)

En medio de la potencial relación entre Fernando González y la Filosofía se presenta un recorrido por su obra escrita, y desde ella, sus hermenéuticas, viajes, retratos, métodos, parábolas, vivencias y contemplaciones. Ello con el fin de culminar en una exhortación metodológica para los nuevos estudios sobre su obra desde perspectivas particulares, para no hallarse como muchos en la paradoja de lo parcial y de la anécdota en medio de una obra armónica; si bien este ensayo es una reflexión (...) a partir de otra posible lectura parcial. (shrink)

O trabalho parte da investigação de Gadamer sobre o desdobramento do projeto iluminista e sua pretensão de envolver a totalidade do saber humano, condicionando seus caminhos e determinando seus meios a partir do sucesso e eficácia do horizonte físico-matemático. As repercussões dessa influência na própria autofundamentação das ciências humanas representam um grande risco, pois transcende as questões das diferenças entre métodos, dizendo respeito aos próprios objetivos do conhecimento humano. Trata-se, pois, da finalidade do conhecimento, isto é, das questões referentes à (...) dimensão ética e política. A hermenêutica filosófica vem justamente argumentar que é na impossibilidade de escapar dos pressupostos ontológicos e metafísicos do compreender que reside a abertura para tratar das ciências humanas como uma questão filosófica. É frente a essa abertura a uma tradição de conhecimento que a hermenêutica realiza uma reabilitação dos conceitos humanistas de Formação ; Sensus communis; Juízo e Gosto. Sua intenção é desvelar o quanto de experiência da verdade ficou fora da abordagem das ciências humanas ao se fundamentarem nos constrangimentos metodológicos impostos pela epistemologia moderna.: The work of the Gadamer researches on the deployment of the Enlightenment project and its wish to involve the whole of human knowledge, conditioning his ways and determining their means from the success and effectiveness of the physical-mathematical horizon. The repercussions of that influence in their own self-foundation the humanities represent a great risk, for it transcends the issues of differences between methods, saying about the own objectives of human knowledge. It is therefore the purpose of knowledge, that is, the issues of ethical and political dimension. The philosophical hermeneutics has rightly argued that it is impossible to escape the ontological and metaphysical assumptions of understanding is where lies on the opening to treat the human sciences as a philosophical issue. It is against this opening to a tradition of knowledge that hermeneutics performs a rehabilitation of humanistic concepts of Formation ; Sensuscommunis; Judgment and Taste. His intention is to reveal how much experience the truth got out of the approach of the human sciences when substantiating the methodological constraints imposed by modern epistemology. Keywords: human sciences, humanism, verity, hermeneutics. (shrink)

Despite society’s increasing sensitivity toward green production, companies often struggle to find effective communication strategies that induce consumers to buy green products or engage in other environmentally friendly behaviors. To add clarity to this situation, we investigated the effectiveness of negative versus positive message framing in promoting green products, whereby companies highlight the detrimental versus beneficial environmental consequences of choosing less versus more green options, respectively. Across four experiments, we show that negatively framed messages are more effective than positively framed (...) ones in prompting consumers to engage in pro-environmental behaviors. More importantly, we find that anticipated shame is the emotion responsible for this effect. Furthermore, both environmental concern and the type of product promoted serve as moderators; thus, the mediating role of anticipated shame is attenuated when environmental concern is low and the product is a luxury one. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our work, along with its limitations and some directions for future research. (shrink)

Includes a translator’s preface, note on the text, and suggestions for further reading.

Aristotle normally used historical notations to support his arguments. This is somewhat true for all the works of the corpus, but above all for Politics: the nature, objectives, and methodology of the investigations in this treatise present the strongest links with actual and concrete data, and therefore with historia. Obviously even the Aristotle of Politics is not a historian who wants to report known historiographical traditions; however, regardless of his intentions, there is no doubt that the work in question contains (...) precious ‘fragments’ of history which, in general, confirm or supplement our knowledge. There are, however, cases in which the Aristotelian exempla end up filling in the omissions and gaps of the available sources, such as the cursory reference to the nomos of the Aphytaians, which appears in the section of book 6 dedicated to the so-called agricultural democracy. (shrink)

To begin with -- Genealogy of the cerebral subject -- Disciplines of the neuro -- Cerebralizing distress -- Brains on screen and paper -- Up for grabs.

This work offers an analysis of all the legal and moral issues surrounding humanitarian intervention: the deaths of innocent persons and the Doctrine of Double Effect Governmental legitimacy - The Doctrine of Effective Political Control; UN Charter and evaluation of the Nicaragua ruling; The Morality of not intervening; US-led invasion of Iraq; Humanitarian intervention authorised by the UN Security Council - Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Rwanda, and Bosnia among others highlight NATO's intervention in Kosovo; The Nicaragua Decision; and The precedents of (...) Panama, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The book's features include: a new framework based on the doctrine of double effect; basic principles of international ethics; outline of the moral argument for humanitarian intervention; explores the morality and legality of military action to end tyranny or anarchy; arguments in a much more detailed and complete fashion than in previous editions; in-depth examination of philosophy of international law; the relationship between custom and moral theory; new discussion of the question of right authority; and a full analysis of recent interventions in Kosovo and Iraq. book addresses a broad interdisciplinary audience of international lawyers, philosophers, and political scientists. In this new edition, the author responds to critics while updating the discussion in the light of the momentous events that took place at the beginning of the new millennium. (shrink)

Why should sovereign states obey international law? What compels them to owe allegiance to a higher set of rules when each country is its own law of the land? What is the basis of their obligations to each other? Conventional wisdom suggests that countries are too different from one another culturally to follow laws out of mere loyalty to each other or a set of shared moral values. Surely, the prevailing view holds, countries act simply out of self-interest, and they (...) eventually consent to norms of international law to regulate matters of common interest.In this groundbreaking book, Fernando Tesón goes against this prevailing thought by arguing, in the Kantian tradition, that a shared respect for individual human rights underpins not just the obligation countries feel to follow international law but also international laws themselves and even the very legitimacy of nations in the eyes of the international community. Tesón, both a lawyer and a philosopher, proposes that an overlapping respect for human rights has created a moral common ground among the countries of the world; and moreover, that such an outlook is the only one that is rationally defensible. It is this common set of values rather than self-interest that ultimately provides legitimacy to international law. Using the tools of moral philosophy, Tesón analyzes the concepts of sovereignty, intervention, and national interest; the contributions of social contact theory, game theory, and feminist theory; and the puzzles of self-determination and group rights.More than simply outlining his theory, Tesón goes on to give detailed examples of international laws, international institutions, and their human rights foundations, putting his ideas to work and addressing legal reforms called for by the theory. He suggests that treaties, for example, should be considered binding if, and only if, the consent to the treaty was given by a genuinely representative government, one that acts out of interest for the human rights of its citizens. Although the theoretical achievement of this book is to challenge received wisdom on the foundation of international law, the practical ambition is a call to reform the international legal system for the post–Cold War era, to substitute for the old order one that gives primacy to human dignity and freedom over state power. (shrink)

Pretende-se oferecer aqui uma justificativa, tal como ela parece ter sido indicada por Platão no Teeteto, para o método de Sócrates, anunciado em Apologia como uma anthropíne sophía, capaz de avaliar os diferentes tipos de conhecimento. O recurso à imagem da maiêutica, no Teeteto, traz a representação de um aspecto desse método, posterior à refutação, em que o examinador ou parteiro elevam as opiniões do interlocutor até um princípio transcendente, para mostrar-lhes ou sua vacuidade ou sua solidez. Por fim, o (...) Diálogo de Platão parece não apenas representar o método de Sócrates, mas se inspirar nele para a composição do seu discurso, que joga com a forma de fazer ver e com aquilo que se vê a partir dele. (shrink)

Recent studies have pointed to the existence of a strong relationship between memory and mental representation, while others have shown that images are open to reinterpretation and manipulation; this volume offers a historical overview of the problem as well as a review of the research in psychology and related fields.

In this article, we scrutinize views that justify exclusionary policies regarding transgender athletes based primarily on physiological criteria. We introduce and examine some elements that deserve...

The study aimed to comprehensively overview the experiences encountered by public school employees during the recruitment, selection, and placement (RSP) process within the DepEd Bohol Division. Employing a qualitative-descriptive research design, the researchers utilized a phenomenological approach to delve deeply into these experiences, shedding light on the nuances and intricacies of the division's RSP process. As Lambert et al. (2013) described, qualitative- descriptive studies aim to provide a comprehensive and detailed summary of specific events experienced by individuals or groups in (...) everyday terms. To achieve this, Colaizzi's (1978) data analysis method was applied, meticulously gathering, transcribing, and analyzing recorded participant responses. The rigorous analysis revealed that an overwhelming 81% of the participants recognized significant challenges within the current RSP system of the division, underscoring the pressing need for a renewed approach to address these identified challenges. This highlighted the necessity for an RSP policy that is responsive and innovative, tailored to meet the evolving needs and expectations of applicants, schools, and the division. By implementing improvements to the RSP process, a more efficient and timely filling of vacated and newly available positions is anticipated, contributing to the seamless functioning of the educational system and ultimately enhancing the prospects of success. (shrink)

El propósito central enfatiza la comprensión histórico-cultural de la diversidad y la diferencia como productoras de escenarios donde la tolerancia debe redimir la exclusión y fomentar la equidad; explica, reflexiva y críticamente, algunas ideas que subrayan la urgen te necesidad de replantear los d..

This paper argues that racism should not only be conceived as a moral concept whose main aim is to condemn severe wrongs in the domain of race. The paper advances a complementary interpretation of racism as an explanatory concept--one that plays a key role in explaining race-based social problems afflicting members of subordinate racialized groups. As an explanatory concept, the term 'racism' is used to diagnose and highlight the causes of race-related social problems. The project of diagnosing race-based social problems (...) contributes to the pragmatic anti-racist end of developing better political and policy strategies for solving these social problems. The paper defends this interpretation of racism as an explanatory concept through a critical engagement with Urquidez's moral-philosophical account of racism. (shrink)

Much media attention has been given to the potentially shifting voting patterns of the U.S. Hispanic population in the 2020 election. However, far less attention has been given to the implications...

Los convulsos acontecimientos de estos últimos años han demostrado, a escala global, cuán enajenante es nuestra experiencia presente del tiempo. Las tendencias actuales de la teoría crítica y otros enfoques histórico-sociológicos insisten en el ritmo devorador de la aceleración (P. Virilio; H. Rosa) y en la reconfiguración temporal a partir del “presentismo” (Koselleck; F. Hartog). Sin embargo, sabemos que estas cuestiones distan de ser absolutamente nuevas, y que ya preocupaban a los filósofos y a los fenomenólogos en la primera mitad (...) del siglo XX. La publicación reciente de los últimos tratados del Ereignis y de los Cuadernos negros, redactados en los años 1930 y 1940, nos permite acceder a una reflexión original sobre lo que Heidegger nombra la maquinación o fabricación [Machenschaft]. Nos gustaría analizar la manera en la que, a partir de la fabricación, se puede replantear el sentido de nuestra experiencia temporal íntima frente a la situación moderna. Más concretamente, ahondaremos en las formas en las que la primacía de la fabricación funciona como cerrazón de posibilidades, llegando a impedir que pueda ocurrir algo realmente “histórico”. (shrink)

This electronic document serves as a guide on how to get a LAMP stack running on a Google Compute Engine virtual machine instance running Debian.

The fallibility of deduction is the thesis that a thoughtful speaker-reasoner can wrongly believe that an inference is deductively valid. The author presents an argument to the effect that the fallibility of deduction is incompatible with the widespread view that deduction is epistemically unfruitful (the conclusion is contained in the premises, and the transition from premises to conclusion never extends knowledge). If the fallibility of deduction is a fact, the argument presented is a refutation of the doctrine of the unfruitfulness (...) of deduction. But its relevance goes further, because the argument reveals a connection between two different problems: a solution to the problem of fruitfulness (how can deductive inferences increase our knowledge?) is a starting point for a solution to the problem of fallibility (how can deductive inferences be wrong?). To solve the problem of fruitfulness, Michael Dummett proposed some general ideas concerning meaning and inference. Starting from these meaning-theoretical ideas, one can develop an explanation of the fallibility of deduction. The general explanatory strategy does not depend on the choice between a theory of meaning centered on truth, verification, inferential role, or on other key notions. (shrink)

We present an experiment designed to investigate three different mechanisms to achieve impartiality in distributive justice. We consider a first-person procedure, inspired by the Rawlsian veil of ignorance, and two third-party procedures, an involved spectator and a detached observer. First-person veiled stakeholders and involved spectators are affected by an initially unfair distribution that, in the stakeholders’ case, is to be redressed. We find substantial differences in the redressing task. Detached observers propose significantly fairer redistributions than veiled stakeholders or involved spectators. (...) Risk preferences partly explain why veiled stakeholders propose less egalitarian redistributions. Surprisingly, involved spectators, who are informed about their position in society, tend to favour stakeholders holding the same position as they do after the initial distribution. (shrink)

The article deals with the chances of illustration of Mohammed: is it forbidden to depict Mohammed in the Islam? What the history or the religion say about it? The following sentences try to get a brief but deep approaching to that issue, underlying the importance that just a few time ago when several problems related to misunderstanding and hatred set the Muslim world in front of the Western people as violent in a behavior that no one could share. Through the (...) article we will see the lack of respect there was in some images that were published provoking all kind of reactions in the world. (shrink)